Background
[1] Flores, A., & Krogstad, J. M. (2019, July 26). Puerto Rico’s population declined sharply after hurricanes Maria and Irma. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/26/puerto-rico-population-2018/.
[2] San Juan, PR. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://datausa.io/profile/geo/san-juan-pr/.
[3] Resnick, B. (2017, September 22). Why Hurricane Maria is such a nightmare for Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/9/21/16345176/hurricane-maria-2017-puerto-rico-san-juan-meteorology-wind-rain-power.
[4] Puerto Rico Map and Satellite Image. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://geology.com/world/puerto-rico-satellite-image.shtml.
[Further Reading] Amadeo, K. (2019, October 21). Hurricane Irma Damage Was $50 Billion. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/hurricane-irma-facts-timeline-damage-costs-4150395.
[Further Reading] Staff, W. V. (2019, August 19). 2017 Hurricane Irma: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. Retrieved from https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2017-hurricane-irma-facts.
Timeline Pictures
[1] Lemott, C. (2018, September 19). Puerto Rico’s Other Water Crisis. Retrieved from https://truestar.life/puerto-ricos-other-water-crisis/.
[2] Puerto Rico’s Vieques island ousted the US Navy. Now the fight’s against Airbnb. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-07-16/puerto-rico-s-vieques-island-ousted-us-navy-now-fight-s-against-airbnb.
[3] Puerto Rico’s Vieques island ousted the US Navy. Now the fight’s against Airbnb. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-07-16/puerto-rico-s-vieques-island-ousted-us-navy-now-fight-s-against-airbnb.
Communications
Hurricane Education
[1] Sharp, J. (2018). Eye of the Storm: Report of the Governor’s Commission to Rebuild Texas (pp. 78–79). The Governor’s Commission to Rebuild Texas.
[2] Hurricane Maria. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/hurricane-maria.
[3] Peñaloza, M., & Allen, G. (2019, August 22). Mental Health Toll Of Hurricane Maria Still Palpable In Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/08/22/752451731/mental-health-toll-of-hurricane-maria-still-palpable-in-puerto-rico.
Cellular Service
[1] Communications Status Report for Areas Impacted by Hurricane Maria. (2017, September 21). Retrieved from https://www.fcc.gov/maria.
[2] Pregler, A. (2018, May 31). Making Extreme Connections with AT&T’s All-Weather Flying COW. Retrieved from https://about.att.com/innovationblog/extreme_connections.
[3] Flying COW Connects Puerto Rico. (2017, November 6). Retrieved from https://about.att.com/inside_connections_blog/flying_cow_puertori.
[4] AT&T (2017, February 21). When COWs Fly: Watch AT&T Cell on Wings (COW) in Action . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEIplszMzoI
[5] (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/properties-of-sunlight/calculation-of-solar-insolation.
[6] (n.d.). Retrieved from https://barani.biz/apps/solar/.
[7] Lee, T. B. (2017, October 24). Balloon navigation breakthrough helps extend cell service in Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/10/how-google-is-using-balloons-to-extend-cellular-service-in-puerto-rico/.
[8] Statt, N. (2017, November 9). Alphabet’s Project Loon delivers internet service to 100,000 people in Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16630494/alphabet-project-loon-puerto-rico-internet-connectivity-update.
[9] Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://loon.com/technology/.X- Loon: Expanding Internet Connectivity with Stratospheric Balloons. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://x.company/projects/loon/.
[10] Kavanaugh, C. (2017). Project Loon trying to restore internet in Puerto Rico. Plastics News, 28(31), 0005. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=125759353&site=ehost-live&scope=site
[11] Lombardo, T. (2013, June 16). Google’s Loon Uses Solar Power to Connect the World. Retrieved from https://www.engineering.com/ElectronicsDesign/ElectronicsDesignArticles/ArticleID/5865/Googles-Loon-Uses-Solar-Power-to-Connect-the-World.aspx.
[12] CellMapper. (n.d.). Claro (Puerto Rico) Cell Tower Map. Retrieved from https://www.cellmapper.net/map?MCC=330&MNC=110&type=LTE&latitude=18.243991792966597&longitude=-66.85098005411078&zoom=9.176666666666637&showTowers=true&showTowerLabels=false&clusterEnabled=false&tilesEnabled=false&showOrphans=false&showNoFrequencyOnly=false&showFrequencyOnly=false&showBandwidthOnly=false&DateFilterType=None&showHex=false&showVerifiedOnly=false&showUnverifiedOnly=false&showLTECAOnly=false&showENDCOnly=false&showBand=0&mapType=roadmap&showSectorColours=false.
[13] Candido, S. (2019, April 25). Project Loon: Non Terrestrial Networks – B5GS 2019 . Retrieved from http://ieeetv.ieee.org/conference-highlights/project-loon-non-terrestrial-networks-sal-candido-b5gs-2019.
[14] Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://loon.com/technology/.
[15] Google’s Loon brings internet-by-balloon to Kenya. (2018, July 19). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-44886803.
Satellite-Enabled Communications
[1] Lee, Y., Ku, B., & Ahn, D. (2010). A Satellite Core Network System for Emergency Management and Disaster Recovery. Paper presented at the 2010 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, South Korea.
[2] Winn, Y. (2018, May 15). Which Satellite Messenger Should I Get? Comparing the SPOT X, SPOT Gen3, Garmin inReach Mini and Garmin inReach Explorer+. Retrieved from https://www.rei.com/blog/news/which-satellite-messenger-should-you-get
[3] Becker, R. (2017, September 29). Trying to Communicate After the Hurricane: ‘It’s as If Puerto Rico Doesn’t Exist.’ Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2017/9/29/16372048/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-2017-electricity-water-food-communications-phone-internet-recovery
[4] Sullivan, L. & Schwartz, E. (2018). FEMA Report Acknowledges Failures in Puerto Rico Disaster Response. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2018/07/13/628861808/fema-report-acknowledges-failures-in-puerto-rico-disaster-response
[5]“Map of Puerto Rico – Cities, Municipalities, & Tourist Destinations.” [Map]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://islandsofpuertorico.com/map-of-puerto-rico-cities-municipalities/
[6] Rivera, M. (2019). Government. Retrieved from https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtmlList of Websites Used to Calculate Cost for the WAT System
[7] Iridium 9505A Satellite Phone. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://satellitephonestore.com/catalog/sale/details/iridium-9505a-satellite-phone-kit-1?matchtype=&network=g&device=c&adposition=1o2&keyword=&campaign=920171457&adgroup=pla-352248624419&keyword=&gclid=Cj0KCQiAiNnuBRD3ARIsAM8KmltBB5L9DGQ-L5y_6ORkSZTwsUJa3qnlDJMpKg9W8rAahZ1unp6P22gaAtU-EALw_wcB
[8] “Region II.” (2019). Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/regional-contact-information
[9] Werner, D. (2018, March 14). Satellite Communications Industry Prepares Response to Future Disasters. Retrieved from https://spacenews.com/satellite-communications-industry-prepares-response-to-future-disasters
[10] Smith, E. B. (2017). National Guard Assets Support Communications During Natural Disasters. Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/News/Article/Article/1321614/national-guard-assets-support-communications-during-natural-disasters/
[11] Bennett, M. [Photograph]. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1321614/national-guard-assets-support-communications-during-natural-disasters/
[12] Berioli, M., Courville, N., & Werner, M. (2007). Emergency Communications over Satellite: the WISECOM Approach. Paper presented at the 2007 16th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, Budapest, Hungary.
[13] Berioli, M., Chaves, J. M., Courville, N., Boutry, P., Fondere, J.-L., Skinnemoen, H., Tork. H., Werner, M., & Weinlich, M. (2011). WISECOM: A Rapidly Deployable Satellite Backhauling System for Emergency Situations. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, 29, 419-440. https://doi.org/10.1002/sat.982
[14] Thomasson, L., Verelst, G., Deprey, S., Boutry, D., Berioli, M., & Courville, N. (2008). Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Based Solutions for Rapid Deployment of Wireless Telecommunication Networks in Emergency Situations. Paper presented at the 2008 15th Annual Conference of the International Emergency Management Society (TIEMS), Prague, Czech Republic.
[15] U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Quick Facts – San Juan Municipio, Puerto Rico; San Juan zona urbana, Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/sanjuanmunicipiopuertorico,sanjuanzonaurbanapuertorico/PST045218
[16] Knapp, J. (2017). Open for Business: FCC’s New Experimental Licensing System Accepting New Applications. Retrieved from https://www.fcc.gov/news-events/blog/2017/04/14/open-business-fccs-new-experimental-licensing-system-accepting-new
[17] FCC. (2018). FY 2018 Application Fee Order. Retrieved from https://www.fcc.gov/document/fy-2018-application-fee-order
[Further Reading] “Rapid Joint Incident Site Communications.” (2010). Retrieved from https://www.rockwellcollins.com/~/media/Files/Unsecure/Products/Product%20Brochures/Communcation%20and%20Networks/SATCOM/JISCC%20data%20sheet.aspx
[Further Reading] Alicea, J. E. (2019). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2266265604?pq-origsite=gscholar
Radio Broadcast and Communications
[1] Moss, B. (2018, May 17). Nielsen Survey: Puerto Ricans Turn to Radio. Retrieved November 7, 2019, from https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/nielsen-survey-puerto-ricans-turn-to-radio.
[2] James Careless ⋅ Dec 7, 2017. (2017, December 7). Puerto Rico Stations Face Obstacles. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.radioworld.com/news-and-business/puerto-rico-stations-face-obstacles.
[3] Bell, R. (2018, April 23). After Hurricane Maria, AM radio makes a comeback in Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico-radio.php.
[4] Takahashi, B., Nieves, Y., & Chavez, M. (2018). Radio Practices and Their Impacts during Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://hazards.colorado.edu/quick-response-report/radio-practices-and-their-impacts-during-hurricane-maria-in-puerto-rico
[5] Mazzei, P. (2017, September 20). Maria took a Puerto Rican radio station’s roof. Retrieved November 8, 2019, from https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article174409151.html.
[6] US Department of Commerce, & Noaa. (2019). NWR Coverage. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/Maps/PHP/PR.php?CSort=SA#County.
[7] In Puerto Rico, Handful Of Stations Bear Weight Of Communication. (2017, September 22). Retrieved November 21, 2019, from http://www.insideradio.com/free/in-puerto-rico-handful-of-stations-bear-weight-of-communication/article_03cd4acc-9f67-11e7-9b65-cff4eab44483.html.
[8] Radio Station Construction Costs. (2011, January). Retrieved November 19, 2019, from https://www.ntia.doc.gov/legacy/otiahome/ptfp/application/equipcost_Radio.html.
[9] Murphy, P. P. (2017, September 27). Ham radio operators are saving Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/27/us/puerto-rico-maria-ham-radio-operators-trnd/index.html.
[10] Witvliet, B. A., & Ma Alsina-Pages, R. (2017). Radio communication via Near Vertical Incidence Skywave propagation: an overview. Telecommunication Systems, 66(2), 295–309. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-017-0287-2
[Further Reading] Simpson, A. (2017, October 11). Broadcasters, nonprofits send help to Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://current.org/2017/10/broadcasters-nonprofits-send-help-to-puerto-rico/.
[12] These include organizations such as the National Association of Hispanic Journalists, Corporation for Public Broadcasting (a U.S. government-created nonprofit), the Puerto Rico Radio Broadcast Association, or the Latino Public Radio Consortium.
Emergency Alert System
[Further Reading] NOLA Ready https://ready.nola.gov/home/
[Further Reading] Angelle Amber, August 27, 2010 What If Hurricane Katrina Hit New Orleans Today? Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/11177-hurricane-katrina-hit-orleans-today.html
Energy
Energy Home Page
[1] Kwasinski, A., Andrade, F., Castro-Sitiriche, M. J., & O’neill-Carrillo, E. (2019, February 19). Hurricane Maria Effects on Puerto Rico Electric Power Infrastructure. Retrieved September 15, 2019, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8644031.
[2] Johnson, A., Arkin, D., Cumming, J., & Karins, B. (2017, September 8). Hurricane Irma Skirts Puerto Rico, Leaves 1 Million Without Power. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/hurricane-irma/hurricane-irma-skirts-puerto-rico-lashing-it-powerful-winds-flooding-n799086.
[3] U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2019, November 21). Puerto Rico Territory Energy Profile. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=RQ.
[4] Alicea, J. E. (2019). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2266265604?pq-origsite=gscholar
[5] Rogers, A. (2018, April 18). Why Can’t We Fix Puerto Rico’s Power Grid? Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://www.wired.com/story/why-cant-we-fix-puerto-ricos-power-grid/.
[6] Santos-Muñiz, M. (2019, August 13). In the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, efforts to rebuild Puerto Rico’s electrical system offer lessons for boosting energy security. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://ensia.com/articles/electrical-production-hurricane-maria-puerto-rico-energy-security-resilience/.
[7] Kwasinski, A. (2018). “Effects of Hurricane Maria on Renewable Energy Systems in Puerto Rico.” 2018 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA.2018.8566922
[8] Galluci, M. (n.d.). “Rebuilding Puerto Rico’s power grid: The inside story.” Retrieved November 3, 2019, from https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/rebuilding-puerto-ricos-power-grid-the-inside-story
[9] Fisher, J. I., & Horowitz, A. I. (2016). Review of Rates of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority. Review of Rates of the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (pp. 28–29). Cambridge, MA.
[10] Toh, M. (2016, September 22). “Power Plant Fire Triggers an Islandwide Blackout in Puerto Rico.” Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://fortune.com/2016/09/22/puerto-rico-blackout-electricity/.
[11] U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2018, July 19). “Puerto Rico Territory Energy Profile.” Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=RQ.
[12] Korosec, K. (2017, September 20). “Hurricane Maria Knocks Out All Power To Puerto Rico.” Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://fortune.com/2017/09/20/hurricane-maria-power-puerto-rico/.
[13] Robles, F., & Bidgood, J. (2017, December 29). “Three Months After Maria, Roughly Half of Puerto Ricans Still Without Power.” Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/29/us/puerto-rico-power-outage.html.
[14] NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. (2017, September 25). NOAA Shares First Satellite Images of Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/content/noaa-shares-first-satellite-images-puerto-rico-after-hurricane-maria.
Funding and Policy
[1] Sanzillo, T., & Kunkel, C. (2019, February 1). IEEFA Puerto Rico: PREPA privatization means crushingly high electric rates. Retrieved October 21, 2019, from https://ieefa.org/ieefa-report-prepa-privatization-means-crushingly-high-electric-rates/.
[2] Puerto Rico Territory Energy Profile. (2019, November 21). Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.eia.gov/state/print.php?sid=RQ.
[3] Crescioni, X. N. (2018, November 7). PREPA’s Privatization, A Rainbow Unicorn. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/debtwire/2018/11/07/prepas-privatization-a-rainbow-unicorn/#718afd511b2a.
[4] Pierog, K., & Ortiz, L. V. (2019, April 10). Bond insurer nears Puerto Rico utility debt deal: court filing. Retrieved September 30, 2019, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-puertorico-prepa/bond-insurer-nears-puerto-rico-utility-debt-deal-court-filing-idUSKCN1RM2A3.
[5] II, V. R. N. (2018, January 24). The Peril of Privatizing Prepa. Retrieved October 18, 2019, from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/01/puerto-rico-will-privatize-prepa/551342/.
[6] Merling, L. (2018, January 26). Puerto Rico’s Power Utility Is Broken, but Privatization Won’t Necessarily Fix It: The Americas Blog. Retrieved November 4, 2019, from http://cepr.net/blogs/the-americas-blog/puerto-rico-s-power-utility-is-broken-but-privatization-won-t-necessarily-fix-it.
[7] Vélez, E. L. (2019, March 29). Puerto Rico electric utility union argues for independent inspector. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from https://caribbeanbusiness.com/puerto-rico-electric-utility-union-argues-for-independent-inspector/.
[8] Giraldez, J., Flores-Espino, F., MacAlpine, S., & Asmus, P. (2018). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19osti/67821.pdf
[9] Clean Energy Microgrids for Hospitals Make Electricity More Reliable. (2018, November 1). Retrieved from https://microgridknowledge.com/clean-energy-microgrids-hospitals/.
[10] U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2019, November 13). U.S. Energy Information Administration – EIA – Independent Statistics and Analysis. Retrieved November 13, 2019, from https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/report/electricity.php.
[11] Juracán Energy. (2019). Universidad del Turabo 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019, from https://www.energy.gov/eere/collegiatewindcompetition/universidad-del-turabo-2019.
[12] Alicea, J. E. (2019). Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/2266265604?pq-origsite=gscholar
Damage Resistance
[1] US Department of Energy. (2018, June). Energy Resilience Solutions for the Puerto Rico Grid. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/06/f53/DOE%20Report_Energy%20Resilience%20Solutions%20for%20the%20PR%20Grid%20Final%20June%202018.pdf
[2] Gruenberg, M. (2019, August 28). As hurricane approaches Puerto Rico, Trump transfers funding to border cages. Retrieved from https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/as-hurricane-approaches-puerto-rico-trump-transfers-funding-to-border-cages/.
[3] New Jersey Senate Republicans. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.senatenj.com/index.php/.)
[4] Ferris, D. (n.d.). HURRICANE MARIA: Heavyweights offer sweeping changes to Puerto Rico’s grid. Retrieved from https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060068733/.
[5] Build Back Better: Reimagining and Strengthening the Power Grid of Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Build Back Better: Reimagining and Strengthening the Power Grid of Puerto Rico.
[6] Slowey, K. (2017, November 30). Going underground: the power of burying electrical lines. Retrieved November 21, 2019, from https://www.constructiondive.com/news/going-underground-the-power-of-burying-electrical-lines/511910/.
[7] Smith, D. (2017, September 28). Puerto Rican Solar Farms Heavily Damaged By Hurricane Maria. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from http://www.theweatherjunkies.com/single-post/2017/09/28/Puerto-Rican-Solar-Farms-Heavily-Damaged-By-Hurricane-Maria.
[8] Hotchkiss, E. (n.d.). How Is Solar PV Performing in Hurricane-struck Locations? Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/blog/posts/how-is-solar-pv-performing-in-hurricane-struck-locations.html.
Alternative Energy
[1] McConnell Valdés LLC. (2019, April 12). Puerto Rico Energy Public Policy Act Signed into Law. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from http://www.mcvpr.com/newsroom-publications-Energy-Public-Policy-Law.
[2] U.S. Department of Energy. (2018). Energy Resilience Solutions for the Puerto Rico Grid. Energy Resilience Solutions for the Puerto Rico Grid. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2018/06/f53/DOE Report_Energy Resilience Solutions for the PR Grid Final June 2018.pdf
[3] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (n.d.). Fact Sheet. Retrieved October 18, 2019, from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy15osti/62708.pdf
[4] Siemens Industry. (2019). Puerto Rico Integrated Resource Plan 2018-2019. Puerto Rico Integrated Resource Plan 2018-2019. Siemens Industry. Retrieved from https://aeepr.com/es-pr/QuienesSomos/Ley57/Plan%20Integrado%20de%20Recursos/IRP2019%20-%20Ex%201.00%20-%20Main%20Report%20%20REV2%2006072019.pdf
[5] Kwasinski et al. (2019). Hurricane Maria Effects on Puerto Rico Electric Power Infrastructure. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8644031.
[6] Jared Anderson. (2017, December 14). New York assists with Puerto Rico power grid rebuild plan. National Wind Watch. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.wind-watch.org/news/2017/12/14/new-york-assists-with-puerto-rico-power-grid-rebuild-plan/.
[7] Cohen, S. (2007). Waste-to-Energy: A Possibility for Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://sipa.columbia.edu/academics/capstone-projects/waste-energy-possibility-puerto-rico.
Portable Energy
[1] Lubben, Alex. “Photos Show Insane Lines for Water, Gas, and Cash in Puerto Rico.” 2017. Retreived from https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/d3xw5v/photos-show-insane-lines-for-water-gas-and-cash-in-puerto-rico
[2] Richard. “Minus Electrical Grid, Puerto Rico Becomes Generator Island.” 2017. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/07/us/puerto-rico-power-generators.html
[3] Dorell, Oren. “By the Numbers: More Than Half of Puerto Rico Still Without Drinking Water.” 2017. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/09/30/puerto-rico-by-the-numbers/720731001/
An Energy Plan for Naguabo, Puerto Rico
[1] Naguabo Municipality—Municipalities | EnciclopediaPR. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://enciclopediapr.org/en/encyclopedia/naguabo-municipality/
[2] Bureau, U. S. C. (n.d.). American FactFinder—Community Facts. Retrieved November 18, 2019, from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml?src=bkmk
[3] Schmidt, S., & Hernandez, A. (2018, September 12). Puerto Rico after Maria: A year of disruption. Retrieved November 11, 2019, from Washington Post website: https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/a-year-after-hurricane-maria-a-puerto-rican-town-is-still-in-upheaval/
[4] Gallucci, M. (2018, March 12). Rebuilding Puerto Ricos Power Grid The Inside Story—IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/rebuilding-puerto-ricos-power-grid-the-inside-story
[5] Municipal Energy Consumption (2004-2014) – Puerto Rico Energy Bureau. (n.d.). Retrieved November 18, 2019, from http://energia.pr.gov/en/datos/municipal-energy-consumption-2004-2014/
[6] Siemens Industry. (n.d.). Puerto Rico Integrated Resource Plan 2018-2019. Puerto Rico Integrated Resource Plan 2018-2019 (p. 56).
[7] PVWatts. (n.d.). Solar Resource Data. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php.
[8] US hydropower: The potential for converting non-powered dams. (2016, September 19). Retrieved November 24, 2019, from Power Technology | Energy News and Market Analysis website: https://www.power-technology.com/features/featureus-hydropower-the-potential-for-converting-non-powered-dams-4989938/
[9] Levi. (2019, September 2). Hurricane Irma, now a tropical storm, doesn’t damage hydro plants. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from https://www.hydroreview.com/2017/09/11/hurricane-irma-now-a-tropical-storm-doesn-t-damage-hydro-plants/.
[10] Solar resource maps of Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2019, from https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/puerto-rico
[11] Giraldez Miner, J. I., Flores-Espino, F., MacAlpine, S., & Asmus, P. (2018). Phase I Microgrid Cost Study: Data Collection and Analysis of Microgrid Costs in the United States (No. NREL/TP–5D00-67821, 1477589; p. NREL/TP–5D00-67821, 1477589). https://doi.org/10.2172/1477589
[12] Wilberforce. T., El Hassan, Z., Durrant, A., Thompson, J., Soudan, B., & Olabi. (2019). Overview of ocean power technology. Energy, 175, 165-181. https://doi/org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.068
[13] PVWatts Calculator. (n.d.). Retrieved November 28, 2019, from https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php
[14] Marsh. (2019, May 18). Solar Farms: What Are They and How Much Do They Cost? EnergySage. Retrieved November 28, 2019, from Solar News website: https://news.energysage.com/solar-farms-start-one/
[15] Patane, M. (2014, August 13). Red Rock hydroelectric plant breaks ground. Des Moines Register. Retrieved from https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/money/business/development/2014/08/13/red-rock-hydroelectric-plant-breaks-ground/14007791/
Supply Distribution
Access to Food
[1] Palin, P., Hanson, L., Barton, D., Frohwein, A. (2017). Supply Chain Resilience and the 2017 Hurricane Season. Retrieved from [https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/IRM-2018-U-018098-Final.pdf].
[2] Bessette-Kirton, E., Cerovski-Darriau, C., Schulz, W. H., Coe, J. A., Kean, J. W., Godt, J. W., … & Hughes, K. S. (2019). Landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria: Assessment of an extreme event in Puerto Rico. GSA Today, 29(6), 4-10.
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2012). FAO Statistical Pocketbook. Retrieved from [http://www.fao.org/3/i2493e/i2493e.pdf].
[4] U.S. Census Bureau (2010). Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved from [https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf].
[5] Martinuzzi, S., Gould, W. A., & Gonzalez, O. M. R. (2007). Land development, land use, and urban sprawl in Puerto Rico integrating remote sensing and population census data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(3-4), 288-297.
[6] U.S. Census Bureau (2018). QuickFacts San Juan Municipio, Puerto Rico. Retrieved from [https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/sanjuanmunicipiopuertorico].
[7] Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2019. “U.S. Cities Factsheet.” Pub. No. CSS09-06. Retrieved from [http://css.umich.edu/sites/default/files/US%20Cities_CSS09-06_e2019.pdf].
[8] Tania del Mar López, T. Mitchell Aide, John R. Thomlinson “Urban Expansion and the Loss of Prime Agricultural Lands in Puerto Rico,” AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 30(1), 49-54, (1 February 2001)
[9] Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 42 U.S.C. Retrieved from [https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1519395888776-af5f95a1a9237302af7e3fd5b0d07d71/StaffordAct.pdf].
[10] Sheppard, Barry. (2017, October 5). Puerto Rico devastation badly worsened by US treatment — before
and after the hurricanes. The Green Left Weekly. Retrieved from [https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/puerto-rico-devastation-badly-worsened-us-treatment-%E2%80%94-and-after-hurricanes].
[11] Lamothe, Dan. (2017, September 29). Maria hit 9 days ago. Less than half of the Puerto Rico National Guard is on duty. The Washington Post. Retrieved from [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/09/29/maria-hit-9-days-ago-less-than-half-of-the-puerto-rico-national-guard-is-on-duty/].
[12] McDougall, R., Kristiansen, P., & Rader, R. (2019). Small-scale urban agriculture results in high yields but requires judicious management of inputs to achieve sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(1), 129–134. doi:10.1073/pnas.1809707115
[Further Reading] Ponisio Lauren C., M’Gonigle Leithen K., Mace Kevi C., Palomino Jenny, de Valpine Perry and Kremen Claire. Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap. 282. Proc. R. Soc. B. Retrieved from [http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1396].
Internal Supply Chain
[1] Frazin, R. (2019, July 30). FEMA confirms thousands of expired water bottles left on farmland in Puerto Rico. Retrieved from The Hill: https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/455280-fema-confirms-thousands-of-expired-water-bottles-left-on-farmland
[2] Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority, et al. Clean Water Act Settlement. (2017, May 9). Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/puerto-rico-aqueduct-and-sewer-authority-et-al-clean-water-act-settlement#violations.
[3] Fedinick, K. P., Wu, M., Olson, E. D., & MacMillan, A. (2017, May 11). Threats on Tap: Drinking Water Violations in Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/resources/threats-tap-drinking-water-violations-puerto-rico
[4] Olson, E. D., MacMillan, A., & Kristi Pullen Fedinick & Mae Wu. (2019, September 23). Threats on Tap: Widespread Violations Highlight Need for Investment in Water Infrastructure and Protections. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/resources/threats-tap-widespread-violations-water-infrastructure.
[5] Henry, D. (2017, September 26). Pentagon: 44 percent of Puerto Ricans lack clean drinking water. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/352529-pentagon-more-than-80-percent-of-puerto-ricos-electric-system.
[6] Berahzer, S. (2015, November 19). Who is supplying the water in Puerto Rico? Retrieved from http://efc.web.unc.edu/2015/11/17/who-is-supplying-water-in-puerto-rico/. Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. 2019. “U.S. Cities Factsheet.” Pub. No. CSS09-06.
[7] Harris, N. L., Lugo, A., Brown, S., & Scalley, T. H. (n.d.). Luquillo Experimental Forest: Research History and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/research/publications/efr/efr_wo1.pdf.
[8] Lugo, A. E. (2019). Social-ecological-technological effects of Hurricane María on Puerto Rico: planning for resilience under extreme events. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
[9] Ferré-sadurní, L. (2017, October 11). Another Victim of Hurricane Maria: Puerto Rico’s Treasured Rainforest. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/11/us/another-victim-of-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-treasured-rainforest.html.
[10] Summers, D. M., Bryan, B. A., Nolan, M., & Hobbs, T. J. (2015). The costs of reforestation: A spatial model of the costs of establishing environmental and carbon plantings. Land Use Policy, 44, 110–121. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.12.002
Access to Clean Water
[1] Jerome, Sara. (2018). After Hurricane, Puerto Rico Water Difficulties Remain. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from Wateronline.com website: https://www.wateronline.com/doc/after-hurricane-puerto-rico-water-difficulties-remain-0001
[2] Palin, P., Hanson, L., Barton, D., Frohwein, A., Biglow, J., Casey, A., … Nieves, B. (2018). Supply Chain Resilience and the 2017 Hurricane Season. Retrieved from https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/IRM-2018-U-018098-Final.pdf
[3] Funes, Y. (2018, January 8). The EPA Is Still Warning Puerto Ricans About Sewage-Laced Water Nearly Four Months After Maria. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from Earther website: https://earther.gizmodo.com/the-epa-is-still-warning-puerto-ricans-about-sewage-lac-1821875827
[4] Overview of Federal Efforts to Prepare for and Respond to Hurricane Maria | FEMA.gov. (2018). Retrieved from Fema.gov website: https://www.fema.gov/blog/2017-09-29/overview-federal-efforts-prepare-and-respond-hurricane-maria
[5] Kozacek, Codi. (2017, December 29). Generator repair mission helps power Puerto Rico’s critical water, sew. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from Headquarters website: https://www.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Archive/Story-Article-View/Article/1406699/generator-repair-mission-helps-power-puerto-ricos-critical-water-sewage-infrast/
[6] Generator Expert. (2019, February 12). How to Fix a Generator – Quick Tips – Generator Expert. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from Generator Expert website: http://gelawncare.com/how-to-fix-a-generator/
[7] Pickens, J. (2018, April 10). Puerto Rico: Powerful Solutions. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://watermission.org/puerto-rico-powerful-solutions/.
[8] Campbell, Alexia Fernández. (2018, August 15). Puerto Rico power restored 11 months after Hurricane Maria. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from Vox website: https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/8/15/17692414/puerto-rico-power-electricity-restored-hurricane-maria
[9] Jenkins. (2016). The Outback Water Purification System. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from Espwaterproducts.com website: https://www.espwaterproducts.com/outback-emergency-water-system/
[10] The Berkey. (2019, September 11). Everything You Need to Know About Gravity Water Filter. Retrieved from The Berkey website: https://theberkey.com/blogs/water-filter/everything-you-need-to-know-about-gravity-water-filter
[11] Puerto Rico Science, Technology, & Research Trust (2019). Proyecto Agua Limpia. Retrieved from Puerto Rico Science, Technology & Research Trust website: https://prsciencetrust.org/proyectoagualimpia/#staff
[12] Fresh Water for All initiative includes Puerto Rico water filter project. (2019, February 15). Retrieved November 14, 2019, from SUNY Oswego news + events website: https://www.oswego.edu/news/story/fresh-water-all-initiative-includes-puerto-rico-water-filter-project
Access to Medication
[1] Melin, K., Rodríguez-Díaz, C. (2018, November 23). Community Pharmacy Response in the Aftermath of Natural Disasters: Time-Sensitive Opportunity for Research and Evaluation. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2150132718813494
[2] Horahan, K., Morchel, H., Raheem, M., Stevens, L., Pawlak, S. (2014, February 5). Electronic Health Records Access During a Disaster. Retrieved from: https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/view/4826
[3] Romero, M., Corpart, G. (n.d.). 5 Mega-Trends in Latin American Healthcare. Retrieved from https://americasmi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/ghi-_-5-mega-trends-in-latin-american-healthcare-complete-final_con_links_02_.pdf
[4] National Center of Health Statistics. (n.d.). Health Statistics: Measuring our Nation’s Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/factsheets/factsheet_health_statistics.pdf
[5] Coppock, K. (2018, September 12). Extensive Preparedness Vital for Pharmacies During Natural Disasters. Retrieved from https://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/extensive-preparedness-vital-for-pharmacies-during-natural-disasters
[6] International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). (2016). Responding to disasters: Guidelines for pharmacy. Retrieved from https://www.fip.org/www/streamfile.php?filename=fip/publications/2016-07-Responding-to-disasters-Guideline.pdf
[7] Lavery, A., Patel, A., Boehmer T. (2018, April 5). Notes from the Field: Pharmacy Needs After a Natural Disaster — Puerto Rico, September–October 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6713a4.htm#suggestedcitation
[8] Global Health Observatory data repository. (2019, January 5). Pharmaceutical personnel. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.HWFGRP_0080?lang=en
[9] Rx Response. (2015, February). Stability of refrigerated drugs. Retrieved from https://www.healthcareready.org/system/cms/files/1153/files/original/Stability_of_Refrigerated_medications_2015-02.pdf
[10] Kirsch Medical – Pharmaceutical Refrigerator MED-600-S. Retrieved from https://www.kirsch-medical.de/images/stories/download/pdf/medikamenten-kuehlschraenke/MED-600_en.pdf
[11] Arizona Prescription Drug Misuse and Abuse Initiative. (2013). Arizona Guidelines For Dispensing Controlled Substances. Retrieved from https://pharmacypmp.az.gov/sites/default/files/pharmacist%20best%20practices.pdfNational
[12] Data USA. (2017). Naguabo Municipio, PR. Retrieved from https://pharmacypmp.az.gov/sites/default/files/pharmacist%20best%20practices.pdfNational
[13] Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Helping Children and Adolescents Cope with Disasters and Other Traumatic Events: What Parents, Rescue Workers, and the Community Can Do. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/helping-children-and-adolescents-cope-with-disasters-and-other-traumatic-events/index.shtml
Community Centers
[1] U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Vieques Municipio, Puerto Rico. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/viequesmunicipiopuertorico.
[2] MCR (2016, August 24). The Printworks’ solar powered hydroponics system is a first in Manchester. Retrieved from https://ilovemanchester.com/the-printworks-solar-powered-hydroponics-system-is-a-first-in-manchester/
[3] Ellwanger, S. (2017, November 9). Boys & Girls Club On Vieques Becomes ‘Community
[4] Pickens, J. (2018, April 10). Puerto Rico: Powerful Solutions. Retrieved from https://watermission.org/puerto-rico-powerful-solutions/.
[5] A. Escalera, personal communication
[6] Orengo-Aguayo R, Stewart RW, de Arellano MA, Suárez-Kindy JL, Young J. Disaster Exposure and Mental Health Among Puerto Rican Youths After Hurricane Maria. JAMA Netw Open.
[7] P. Crumley, personal communication
[8] Rivera Clemente, Y. (n.d.). Cerradas 438 Escuelas. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.elvocero.com/actualidad/cerradas-escuelas/article_ae7b3506-6572-11e9-888b-fb82b7c14831.amp.html.
[9] Chavez, N. (2018, April 6). Puerto Rico closing 283 schools over sharp drop in enrollment. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/06/us/puerto-rico-schools-closing/index.html.
[10] FEMA. (n.d.). PDF. Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1396357077687-23c0cbed6cf9a11ef3e689ccbfd03fcb/10%20_Retrofit_For%20FEMA_12%2018_508.pdf
[11] Gomez, L. (2017, September 28). Puerto Rico supply chain breaks down: Thousands of supply containers sit idle. Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/the-conversation/sd-puerto-rico-supply-chain-breaks-down-why-aid-supplies-sit-on-docks-20170928-htmlstory.html.
[12] Domonoske, C. (2017, September 28). In Puerto Rico, Containers Full Of Goods Sit
Fuel Distribution
[1] “U.S. Energy Information Administration – EIA – Independent Statistics and Analysis.” Puerto Rico – Territory Energy Profile Analysis – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Energy Information Administration, 21 Nov. 2019, www.eia.gov/state/analysis.php?sid=RQ.
[2] Henchen, Mike, Roy Torbert, Ana Sophia Mifsud, Megan Kerins. Growing Risks to the Implementation of Puerto Rico’s Energy Transformation. Rocky Mountain Institute, 2019. https://rmi.org/insight/growing-risksimplementation-puerto-ricos-energytransformation/.
[3] Fausset, Richard, et al. “Minus Electrical Grid, Puerto Rico Becomes Generator Island.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 7 Oct. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/10/07/us/puerto-rico-power-generators.html.
[4] Parraga, Marianna. “Fuel Imports, Distribution in Puerto Rico Starts to Unclog.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 28 Sept. 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-puertorico-fuel/fuel-imports-distribution-in-puerto-rico-starts-to-unclog-idUSKCN1C337P.
[5] “Puerto Rico.” Data USA, datausa.io/profile/geo/puerto-rico/
[6] Will. “How Much Does It Cost to Run a Generator?” How Much Does It Cost to Run a Generator?, 31 July 2018, assurancepower.com/aps-blog/entry/how-much-does-it-cost-to-run-a-generator“Rebuilding Puerto Rico’s Power Grid.” IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News, spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/rebuilding-puerto-ricos-power-grid-the-inside-story.
[7] Stargardter, Gabriel. “Joy and Relief Greet Puerto Rico Fuel Deliveries after Hurricane.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 3 Oct. 2017, www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-puertorico-fuel/joy-and-relief-greet-puerto-rico-fuel-deliveries-after-hurricane-idUSKCN1C80DM.
[8] Irfan, Umair. “Puerto Rico Is Targeting 100% Renewable Energy. The Trump Administration Has Other Ideas.” Vox, Vox, 17 Apr. 2019, www.vox.com/2019/4/17/18306417/puerto-rico-renewable-energy-natural-gas.
[9] Walton, Rod. “DOE Thinks Natural Gas Is Best for Puerto Rico Grid despite Renewables Pledge.” Power Engineering, Clarion Energy, 28 Aug. 2019, www.power-eng.com/2019/04/10/doe-thinks-natural-gas-is-best-for-puerto-rico-grid-despite-renewables-pledge/#gref.
[Further Reading] “International Energy Statistics .” US Energy Information Administration, www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/.
Transportation
Main Page
[1] American Society of Civil Engineers. (2019, March 1). 2019 Report Card for Puerto Rico’s Infrastructure. Retrieved from https://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/state-item/puerto-rico/.
[2] Hernández, A. R. (2018, September 12). ‘We got more craters here than the moon’: Puerto Ricans see pocked roads as top problem after Maria. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/we- got-more-craters-here-than-the-moon-puerto-ricans-see-pocked-roads-as-top-problem-after-maria/2018/09/12/960f0caa-a96a-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html.
[3] DiJulio, B., Muñana, C., & Brodie, M. (n.d.). Views and Experiences of Puerto Ricans One Year After Hurricane Maria: The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation Survey of Puerto Rico Residents. Views and Experiences of Puerto Ricans One Year After Hurricane Maria: The Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation Survey of Puerto Rico Residents. Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation.
[4] Taylor, A. (2017, September 25). Disconnected by Disaster-Photos From a Battered Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2017/09/disconnected-by-disasterphotos-from-a-battered-puerto- rico/540975/.
[5] Strether, L. (2017, October 23). The Situation in Puerto Rico: The Roads. Retrieved from https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2017/10/situation-puerto-rico-roads.html.
[6] Levin, J., Newkirk, M., & Ockerman, E. (2017, October 2). Puerto Rico’s Very American Love of Cars Is Jamming Its Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-02/puerto- rico-s-very-american-love-of-cars-is-jamming-its-recovery.
[7] Jernigan, M. (2019, January 15). How to Get Around Puerto Rico by Bus. Retrieved from https://traveltips.usatoday.com/around-puerto-rico-bus-102972.html.
[8] Lazo, L. (2019, April 5). Puerto Rico’s roadways alone are a disaster, and it will cost at least $240 million to fix them. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/09/29/puerto-ricos-roadways-alone-are-a-disaster-and-it-will-cost-at-least-240-million-to-fix-them/.
[9] Dapena, Kara; Hernandez, Daniela; Campo-Flores, Arian (October 20, 2017). “Inside Puerto Rico’s Struggle to Recover a Month After Hurricane”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Debris Cleaning
[1] Ahmed, S., & Krupa, M. (2017, September 28). 8 numbers that show how Maria has laid waste to Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 3, 2019, from https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/28/us/puerto-rico-maria-by-the-numbers-trnd/index.html.
[2] Carrasco, M. C. (2018, May 18). USACE collects more than 4,000,000 cubic yards of Debris in Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 3, 2019, from https://www.army.mil/article/205631/usace_collects_more_than_4000000_cubic_yards_of_debris_in_puerto_rico.
[3] Ocasio, B. P., & Rosa, A. (2018, September 21). A year later, Hurricane Maria debris a lingering concern in Puerto Rico. Retrieved November 1, 2019, from https://www.orlandosentinel.com/weather/hurricane/puerto-rico-hurricane-recovery/os-puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-year-debris-20180921-story.html.
[4] Kennedy, M., & Migaki, L. (2017, December 14). After Maria, Puerto Rico Struggles Under The Weight Of Its Own Garbage. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/14/570927809/after-maria-puerto-rico-struggles-under-the-weight-of-its-own-garbage.
[5] Wang, Z., Hu, H., Guo, M., & Gong, J. (2018, August 17). Optimization of Temporary Debris Management Site Selection and Site Service Regions for Enhancing Postdisaster Debris Removal Operations. Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mice.12410.
Road Construction
[1] Hernández, A. (2018, September 12). ‘We got more craters here than the moon’: Puerto Ricans see pocked roads as top problem after Maria. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/we-got-more-craters-here-than-the-moon-puerto-ricans-see-pocked-roads-as-top-problem-after-maria/2018/09/12/960f0caa-a96a-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html.
[2] U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, National Water Information System data available on the World Wide Web (USGS Water Data for the Nation), accessed November 1, 2019, at URL https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/
[2] Florido, A. , and Montagne, R. In Puerto Rico’s Interior, Hurricane Maria Cut A Community Off From The World. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2017/10/15/557863691/in-puerto-ricos-interior-hurricane-maria-cut-a-community-off-from-the-world.
[3] Elswick, F. (2018, October 25). How Much Does It Cost to Build a Mile of Road? Retrieved from https://blog.midwestind.com/cost-of-building-road/.
[4] Horsley Witten Group, Inc. & Protectores de Cuencas (2017). Unpaved Road Standards for Carribbean and Pacific Islands.
[5] Elswick, F. (2018, October 25). How Much Does It Cost to Build a Mile of Road? Retrieved from https://blog.midwestind.com/cost-of-building-road/.
[6] Google (n.d.). [Google Distances Between Mountainous Towns in Puerto Rico]
[7] Puerto Rico to invest $652M to repair crumbling roads. (2018, April 9). Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/puerto-rico-to-invest-652m-to-repair-crumbling-roads/.
[8] Russ, H. (2018, February 13). Revised Puerto Rico fiscal plan taps federal budget money. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-puertorico-debt-fiscalplan/revised-puerto-rico-fiscal-plan-taps-federal-budget-money-idUSKCN1FX322.
[9] McGonigal, Chris. (2018, March 26). 13 Stunning Gifs Show Puerto Rico ‘s Road to Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/13-stunning-gifs-show-puerto-ricos-road-to-recovery_n_5ab28b0ce4b008c9e5f389ae.
[10] Puerto Rico to invest $652M to repair crumbling roads. (2018, April 9). Retrieved from https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/puerto-rico-to-invest-652m-to-repair-crumbling-roads/.
[11] Hernández, A. R. (2018, September 12). ‘We got more craters here than the moon’: Puerto Ricans see pocked roads as top problem after Maria. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/we- got-more-craters-here-than-the-moon-puerto-ricans-see-pocked-roads-as-top-problem-after-maria/2018/09/12/960f0caa-a96a-11e8-b1da-ff7faa680710_story.html.
[12] Patel, P. (2018, June 26). Engineers have created a cement alternative to reduce concrete’s carbon footprint. Retrieved from https://qz.com/1314754/engineers-have-created-a-cement-alternative-to-reduce-concretes-carbon-footprint/.
[13] Concrete Sustainability Hub. (2019, October 31). Retrieved from https://cshub.mit.edu/.
[14] Minimizing Thermal Cracks in Concrete Pavement. (2016). Retrieved from https://cshub.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/CSHub_Vol62016_ResearchBrief_FINAL.pdf.
[15] Learn about Heat Islands. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/learn-about-heat-islands.
[16] Green building materials that are alternatives to concrete. (2018, March 15). Retrieved from https://constructionclimatechallenge.com/2016/07/07/green-building-materials-that-are-alternatives-to-concrete/.
[17] Alternative materials in road construction – TRIMIS – European Commission. (2019, October 10). Retrieved from https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/project/alternative-materials-road-construction.
[18] Alternative Pavement Technologies. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/asphalt/pubs/hif15009.pdf
[19] Murfreesboro City Hall, Porous Concrete (n.d.). Murfreesboro, TN.
[20] (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bde.pr.gov/BDESite/PRED.html.
[21] Labs, M. M. (n.d.). Sustainability. Retrieved from https://www.us-concrete.com/sustainability.
Culebra and Vieques
[1] Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Are Vieques, PR. Retrieved from https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0204694.
[2] Bayne, Martha. (2019, July 16). Puerto Rico’s Vieques island ousted the US Navy. Now the fight’s against Airbnb. Retrieved from https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-07-16/puerto-rico-s-vieques-island-ousted-us-navy-now-fight-s-against-airbnb.
[3] Vieques Travel Guide – Getting to the Island – Your Options. Retrieved from https://vieques.com/getting-here/.
[4] Getting Around Vieques Island – Weighing Your Transportation Options. http://trippingblonde.com/vieques-transportation/.
[5] Artiga. S, Hall.C, Lyons.B, Rudowitz.R. (2018, September). One Year after the Storms: Recovery and Health Care in Puerto Rico and the U.S Virgin Islands. Retrieved from http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-One-Year-after-the-Storms-Recovery-and-Health-Care-in-Puerto-Rico-and-the-US-Virgin-Islands.
[6] Getting to Culebra by Ferry. Retrieved from https://culebrapuertorico.com/fajardo-to-culebra-ferry/.
[7] Kantrow-Vázquez, M. (2019, July 10). Ferry rates for trips between Puerto Rico-Vieques-Culebra will increase with privatization. Retrieved from https://newsismybusiness.com/ferry-rates-for-trips-between-puerto-rico-vieques-culebra-will-increase-with-privatization/.
Low-Income Housing
[1] Federal Emergency Management Agency (2019). Hurricane Maria. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
[2] Florido, A. (2018, August 9). Puerto Rico Estimates It Will Cost $139 Billion To Fully Recover From Hurricane Maria. Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://www.npr.org/2018/08/09/637230089/puerto-rico-estimates-it-will-cost-139-billion-to-fully-recover-from-hurricane-m.
[3] National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2018, May 21 a). FEMA Continues to Refuse to Stand Up Disaster Housing Assistance Program. Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://nlihc.org/resource/fema-continues-refuse-stand-disaster-housing-assistance-program.
[4] Yentel, D. (2018, December 14). FEMA’s ignoring a longer-term housing option for displaced families. Retrieved November 23, 2019, from https://www.orlandosentinel.com/opinion/os-ed-fema-ignores-housing-option-for-displaced-families-20180420-story.html.
[5] National Low Income Housing Coalition. (2018, June 27 b). Setting the Record Straight: FEMA’s Failure to Address Long Term Housing Needs of Survivors. Washington, D.C.: National Low Income Housing Coalition
[Further Reading] Severino, K. (2018). Post-Hurricane Maria: Transitional Shelter Assistance (TSA) & Other Housing Assistance. Retrieved from https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/events-news/rebuild-puerto-rico/policy/post-hurricane-maria-transitional-shelter-assistance-tsa.
Economic Development
Economic Development Home Page
[1] Liptak, A. (2019, October 15). Supreme Court Case Could Have Huge Effect on Puerto Rican
Debt Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/15/us/supreme-court-puerto-rico.html.
[2] Howe, A. (2019, October 15). Argument analysis: Justices weigh appointments dispute – and
nature of Puerto Rico oversight board. Retrieved from https://www.scotusblog.com/2019/10/argument-analysis-justices-weigh-appointments-dispute-and-nature-of-puerto-rico-oversight-board/.
[3] Schoen, J. W. (2017, September 26). Here’s how an obscure tax change sank Puerto Rico’s
economy. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/26/heres-how-an-obscure-tax-change-sank-puerto-ricos-economy.html
[4] Flores, A., & Krogstad, J. M. (2019, July 26). Puerto Rico’s population declined sharply after
hurricanes Maria and Irma. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/26/puerto-rico-population-2018/.
Boosting the Economy
[1] Citizens for Tax Justice. (2016, August 9). “Puerto Rico and Section 936: A Taxing Lesson from History.” Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://www.ctj.org/puerto-rico-and-section-936-a-taxing-lesson-from-history/.
[2] Greenberg, S., & Ekins, G. (2017, October 31). “Tax Policy Helped Create Puerto Rico’s Fiscal Crisis.” Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://taxfoundation.org/tax-policy-helped-create-puerto-rico-s-fiscal-crisis/.
[3] World Bank. (n.d.). Puerto Rico Economic Growth 1960-2019. Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRI/puerto-rico/economic-growth-rate.
[4] World Bank. (n.d.). Puerto Rico Trade Balance 1971-2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRI/puerto-rico/trade-balance-deficit.
[5] News Is My Business, A. (2019, July 2). “DMO: P.R.’s year-to-date tourism revenue of $445M set to break records.” Retrieved from https://newsismybusiness.com/dmo-p-r-s-year-to-date-tourism-revenue-of-445m-set-to-break-records/.
[6] Discover Puerto Rico. (2019, July 1). “Discover Puerto Rico Reports Highest Tourism Revenue And Visitor Numbers In The Island’s History As It Celebrates One-Year Anniversary.” Retrieved from https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/discover-puerto-rico-reports-highest-tourism-revenue-and-visitor-numbers-in-the-islands-history-as-it-celebrates-one-year-anniversary-300878669.html.
[8] Puerto Rico Day Trips, G. (2017, June 25). “Hacienda Muñoz Coffee Plantation Agro-Tourism: Puerto Rico Day Trips Travel Guide.” Retrieved November 17, 2019, from https://www.puertoricodaytrips.com/hacienda-munoz-coffee/.
[9] “Puerto Rico Imports 85 Percent of Its Food.” (n.d.). Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved from http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=14092&ArticleId=342325.
[10] Flores, A., & Krogstad, J. M. (2019, July 26). “Puerto Rico’s population declined sharply after hurricanes Maria and Irma.” Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/26/puerto-rico-population-2018/.
[11] Foundation for Puerto Rico. (2019, April 15). “Puerto Rico’s Visitor Economy: Highlights.” Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://www.foundationforpuertorico.org/data-portal-analysis/puerto-ricos-visitor-economy-highlights.
[12] Parallel18. (2019, June 13). “A little 411 on parallel18 and how we help startups.” Retrieved from https://medium.com/@Parallel18/a-little-411-on-parallel18-and-how-we-help-startups-4ae234473b5d.
[13] Puerto Rico Business Link. (2018, October 17). “Puerto Rico Act 135 – Young Entrepreneurs Act.” Retrieved from https://prbusinesslink.com/act-135/.
[14] Acevedo, N., & Guadalupe, P. (2018, December 7). “Puerto Rico needs more entrepreneurs. What’s being done to help them?” Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-entrepreneurs-forge-ahead-despite-setbacks-n889331.
[15] World Bank. (n.d.). Puerto Rico Labor Force Participation Rate 1990-2019. Retrieved from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRI/puerto-rico/labor-force-participation-rate.
Home Page Pictures
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Parshall, H. (2017, September 22). Marylanders struggling to contact family and friends in Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://cnsmaryland.org/2017/09/22/puerto-rican-residents-of-maryland-heartbroken-following-devastation-of-hurricane-maria/.
Uncertainty prevails as Puerto Ricans brace for the effects of Tropical Storm Dorian. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/uncertainty-prevails-as-puerto-ricans-brace-for-the-effects-of-tropical-storm-dorian/521929.
Hurricane Maria: El Yunque National Forest. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3928586/hurricane-maria-el-yunque-national-forest.
Minas, S. (2019, August 21). Energy and the European perspective: EU leadership vital as climate crisis intensifies: Neos Kosmos. Retrieved from https://neoskosmos.com/en/144216/energy-and-the-european-perspective-eu-leadership-vital-as-climate-crisis-intensifies/.
Segrott, J. (2018, October 7). Trains at sunset. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/126337928@N05/30224090977.
Servizio intermodale tra Turchia e Trieste. (2019, January 10). Retrieved from https://www.riflinegroup.com/jp/servizio-intermodale-tra-turchia-e-trieste/.
Puerto Rico’s Vieques island ousted the US Navy. Now the fight’s against Airbnb. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-07-16/puerto-rico-s-vieques-island-ousted-us-navy-now-fight-s-against-airbnb.
